在农村集体经济研究中，社会学面临如何将“集体”概念化的挑战，马克思的公社思想为此提供了理论启示。马克思在古代社会史研究中确立了公社作为人类社会组织形态的历史普遍性，总结了氏族公社、家庭公社和农村公社的多元形态及其演变过程。马克思“公社”概念的核心是在历史实践中形成的社会联结和共同性,公社体现了个体与集体的融合统一。本文将马克思的公社思想与中国实践相结合，对当代中国的“集体”进行了概念阐释，为理解与指导农村集体经济发展提供了新的视角。

In the study of rural collective economy, Chinese sociology is faced with the challenge of how to conceptualize the "collective", and Marx's idea of the commune provides theoretical inspiration for this. In his study of ancient social history, Marx established the historical universality of the commune as a form of human social organization and summarized the multiple forms of the clan commune, the family commune, and the rural commune and their evolution. The core of Marx's concept of "commune” (Gemeinwesen) is the social connection and commonality formed in historical practice, and the commune embodies the integration and unity of the individual and the collective. Combining Marx's thoughts with Chinese practice, this article conceptualizes the "collective" in contemporary China and provides a new perspective for understanding and guiding the development of the rural collective economy.

本文为北京社会科学基金青年学术带头人项目“新型农村集体经济发展与小农户的组织化”（21DTRO25）的阶段性成果。

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