Hukou Origin and Cumulative Advantage in China’s Graduate Labor Market

本文研究城乡户籍出身的高学历劳动者之间是否存在累积性的不平等及其具体过程机制。通过分析“首都大学生成长追踪调查”的两期就业数据，发现城乡户籍出身对高学历劳动者工作收入的净影响随时间推移而扩大，而后来的差异又可以由初期工作特征的差异——例如职位晋升机会和教育匹配情况——来解释。用更为综合的就业质量来代替工作收入进行分析，上述发现仍然成立。这验证了累积优势理论所预期的不平等“扩大效应”和“中介效应”。本文还进一步发现，高学历劳动者中城镇出身所带来的累积优势，与高等教育获得过程中可能存在的差异关系不大，而主要来源于其他一般化家庭背景因素的影响。

This paper examines the existence and mechanisms of cumulative inequality between urban and rural hukou originated college graduates. By analyzing the 2-years employment data of “Beijing College Students Panel Survey”, it finds that the earning premium enjoyed by graduates with urban hukou origin increases significantly, and the late-time earning gap can be explained by early-time differences in job characteristics, such as promotion chances and educational(mis) match. These findings are robust when a multidimensional and constructed measure of job quality is used instead of earnings, thus lending strong support to “growing effect” and “mediating effect” implied by the theory of cumulative advantage. Finally, it shows that such a cumulative inequality rooted in other factors of family background but not hukou status per se, and it is hardly explained by the possible higher-education stratification or college-life discrepancy.

李骏

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